The Unexpected Epic Of Bilbo Baggins s The Hobbit

Bilbo Baggins: The Unexpected Epic Hero A heroic protagonist is usually a novel’s most attractive feature. J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit is a classic unexpected hero narrative about a reluctant protagonist who develops along the sides of various extroverted characters on a captivating journey, to become an epic hero. Bilbo only becomes an epic hero after going on an unpredictable journey to the Mountain. With his introverted and reserved persona fading away and his heroic qualities developing, his journey becomes more intriguing with every obstacle and challenge he encounters. Bilbo’s new heroic status can only be seen as the as the direct result of his perilous journey to and from the Mountain with the other characters as the journey forces him to step away from his apprehensive personality and develop leadership traits. At the beginning of the novel, Bilbo is clearly reluctant to leave his reserved lifestyle behind in Bag End to go on a journey. Therefore, when B ilbo discovers Gandalf in front of his home one day, he is quick to dismiss Gandalf’s statement about wanting to go on an adventure. He says â€Å"Sorry! I don’t want any adventures, thank you. Not today. Good morning! But please come to tea - anytime you like! Why not tomorrow! Come tomorrow! Goodbye!† (17) However, Bilbo unknowing creates an opportunity for Gandalf to lure him into going on an adventure and leaving his mundane lifestyle behind. The following day, Gandalf shows up for tea, along withShow MoreRelatedThe Unexpected Epic Of Bilbo Baggins s The Odyssey 1297 Words   |  6 PagesBritish Literature October 15, 2015 Period 2 Bilbo Baggins: The Unexpected Epic Hero Praised for his or her brave deeds and noble qualities, a hero has distinguished courage and ability. An epic hero is a unique type of hero who is often depicted in an epic poem. Homer initiated the concept of an epic hero in the person of Odysseus in the epic poem The Odyssey. Through his works and other author s works, the traits of an epic hero emerge. An epic hero embodies certain traits or characteristics;

Behaviorism And Its Effect On Behavior - 1079 Words

Behaviorism began as a reaction against the introspective psychology that dominated the late 19th and early 20th centuries(Behaviorism 2). There are numerous factors that contribute towards the behaviors of various different animals. Behaviorism is a general subject including the different aspects within it, number of animals with behavioral issues, how animals should be treated and what enforces their behavioral characteristics. To begin this essay about behaviorism, it s beneficial to include some deep information within. This helps to understand the meaning of the study itself. The purpose of the study of behaviorism is to educate the reader with a suitable repertoire of behavioral issues to apprehend thoroughly. Animals do have minds and feelings, it s impossible to know this internal world, so focusing on behavior is more productive (Behaviorism 1). The study of behaviorism is a field of observing the movements and reactions of animals towards particular environmental activity. Behavior is that part of an organism by which it interacts with its environment(Snowdon 8). This clearly gives clarification that the environment is mainly part of the identity of animals. After being able to comprehend the purpose of the study of behaviorism, it s questionable to how many animals have behavioral issues. It is a well known fact that animal behaviors are complicated and there are numerous divergent animals around the planet with many cases of issues. Approximately 5Show MoreRelatedWhy Do We Do Your Regular Schedules?1368 Words   |  6 PagesTodd Donerson 5/9/2015 Intr. Philosophy Main project part 2 Behaviorism Why do we do the things we do in our regular schedules? Do we do it on impulse, is it something we daily choose to do, or are we simply conditioned to a point where it becomes natural? These are the questions behaviorists think about when studying other people. 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In addition, it will identify and describe the critical features of the behavioral approach and their similarities to early childhood and theRead MoreBehaviorism Theory On The Theory Of Behaviorism Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the theories we have studied this semester in Knowing and Learning in Mathematics and Science is the Behaviorism theory. The behaviorism theory states that behaviorism is a theory on learning that only concentrates on noticeably observable behaviors and disregards any independent activities of the mind. The Behaviorism theory was brought up by Burrhus Frederic Skinner. He based this theory on operant condi tioning. This theory has a reinforcing stimulus which can be modified into continuousRead MoreBehaviorism: Classical Conditioning1197 Words   |  5 PagesThere are four primary conditioning theories of behaviorism. These four theories are Pavlov’s (1849-1936) classical conditioning, Thorndike’s (1874-1949) connectionism (also known as law of effect), Guthrie s (1886-1959) contiguous conditioning, and Skinner’s (1904-1990) operant conditioning. According to the text (Shunk 2012) Classical conditioning was discovered around the beginning of the 20th century by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was studying digestive process in dogs when heRead MoreHow Two Incredibly Innovative Behavior Theorists During Their Time Were By John B. Watson1014 Words   |  5 PagesAmanda Blom EDS 6123 - Educational Practices I Dr. Barbara Murray 20 November 2014 Supervision Research Paper Two incredibly innovative behavior theorists during their time were, John B. Watson, and B. F. Skinner. The spark of the behaviorism movement began after Watson published the classic article Psychology as the behaviorist views it in 1913 (McLeod, 2004). John B. Watson’s prestigious career began in 1903 when he learned his doctorate degree in psychology with a minor in philosophy. SoonRead MoreAnalyzing Armstrongs Nature of Mind Essay737 Words   |  3 Pagescauses of behavior P2: The inner causes of behavior are brain states C: Mental states are brain states. This argument, in the transitivity of conditionals form, is valid. In order to defend the soundness of it, Armstrong breaks his essay into three main parts: arguing for P1, arguing for P2, and replying to a posed objection. Armstrong’s P2 is based off of scientific belief: p1: It is rational to believe what scientists agree upon p2: Scientists agree that the inner causes of behavior are brainRead MoreBehaviorism To Teach Human Behaviors. Author’S Name. 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In defining behavior, behaviorist learning theories emphasize changes in behavior that result from stimulus-response associationsRead MoreClassical Conditioning and Behaviorism Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Conditioning and Behaviorism When taking psychology classes I have always enjoyed learning about behaviorism because it seems so cut and dry; if someone wanted to get a clear understanding or their fellow man, all they would have to do is sit back and observe. With behaviorism there is no Id, Ego or Superego to take into account, just raw behavior. While this approach seems simple enough, I feel that it can only offer an incomplete window into seeing how people function and react with

Company and Securities Law with Westpool Pty Ltd.

Question: Anthony, Ben, Catherine and Daniel are directors of Chaser Ltd., a company whose business is wine bottling. Given the downturn in the economy and entry of new countries into the "New World" wine market, competition especially in Asia is becoming increasingly stiff. The directors of Chaser Ltd. feel that it would be prudent to diversify and invest in other business opportunities. During the Easter vacation, Anthony caught up with his old friend from university, Wayne, who works for a green energy company in Norway that predominantly specialises in Tidal energy. Tidal energy is a very new form of energy that is picking up momentum in Europe and the Atlantic coast of the USA. The power created through tidal generators is generally more environmentally friendly and causes less impact on established ecosystems. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has a potential for future electricity generation. None of the energy companies in Australia currently use this form of energy. At the nex t board meeting Anthony mentions tidal energy as a possible business venture for Chaser Ltd. Anthony invites Wayne who has just formed a company, Westpool Pty. Ltd. that makes tidal stream generators, to come and speak to all the directors of Chaser Ltd., at their next meeting about tidal energy for thirty minutes. Wayne is a very convincing speaker who showed them great 3D underwater pictures of the tidal stream generators his company makes. After Wayne leaves, the directors are all very excited at the prospect of being pioneers in the field of tidal energy in Australia and believe that this will be a profitable business. Without much further discussion they decided to invest $20 million into this venture and to give the sole contract to supply tidal steam generators to Westpool Pty. Ltd. Three months later Chaser Ltd.'s tidal energy business is a disaster. They discovered that the Australian waters is not suitable for tidal energy. While it may be suitable in Europe and the USA, A ustralia is not a suitable site for tidal energy, mainly because of the Great Barrier Reef. The directors later discovered that although Wayne had been very convincing in his speech to them he really was not an expert in tidal energy and actually held an insignificant position in his company in Norway. Much to the directors' surprise, they discovered that Anthony is a major shareholder of Westpool Pty Ltd. Advise the directors of Chaser Ltd whether they have breached their directors duties under both the Corporations Act 2001(Cth) and general law? Answer: Facts In the present case, the directors of Chaser Ltd, Anthony, Catherine, Ben and Daniel have entered into a contract for the supply of tidal generators with Westpool Pty Ltd. after seeing a presentation by the director of Westpool, Wayne who is also a friend of Anthony. However only after three months, the tidal energy business turns out to be a disaster. The directors of Chaser Ltd come to know that the waters of Australia are not suitable for tidal energy. Later on, the directors also come to know that Wayne was not an expert on tidal energy and in reality he only had a minor position in the company in Norway. At the same time, the other directors of Chaser Ltd also find out that a major shareholder of Westpool is Anthony. Legal Issues Involved: Under the circumstances it needs to be decided if the director's duties provided by the Corporation Act, 2001 as well as the directors duties prescribed by common law have been breached in this case or not. Relevant Laws: Common Law Duties: Apart from the common law directors duties there are duties provided by Corporations Act 2001 also. At the same time, the Constitution of the company may also provide for the duties of the directors. The purpose of the duties of the directors is to promote good governance and at the same time they have also been designed with a view to make sure that the actions of the directors are in companys best interests (Austin, 1995 p19). In this regard, the common law provides that the directors have a duty to act in good faith. It is also the duty of the directors not to act for an improper purpose. There are also the duties of care and diligence, to avoid conflict of interest and refrain from making improper use of position or improper use of information. There is also the duty which requires that the directors should not allow it to trade if it is insolvent (Keay, 2001). In this regard, the duty of care and diligence requires that the directors should be aware of the financial affairs at all times including its solvency. It cannot be diminished in case the duty has been delegated by the directors. In the same way, the directors cannot use ignorance concerning the affairs of the company. Therefore, this duty requires that the directors should question information that has been placed before them. At the same time, the duty to retain discretion requires that the directors of companies should not put themselves in such a position where it will be difficult for them to make decisions that are in companys best interests (ANZ Executors Trustee Co Ltd v Qintex Australia Ltd, 1991). This requirement includes entering into business transactions due to which a situation may be created as a result of which the director is not able to take part in making decisions for the company. An example in this regard can be given of the situation where the director is req uired to raise the interest of other parties before their company's interests. There is the duty to avoid conflicts of interest. It is considered that the directors owe fiduciary duties to their company. It is a significant legal relationship and includes the presence of the duty of trust and good faith (Ramsay and Stapledon, 2000). Therefore, it is required that the directors should give preference to the interests of the company instead of their personal interests. This duty also requires that the directors should avoid situations where a personal interest may be present which conflicts with company's interest as the directors have a duty to protect companys interests. Such a situation may take place in case there are the chances of a conflict (Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver, 1967). Such a conflict may be direct or indirect and the directors have a duty to avoid having an interest in a transaction that is taking place with the company. This duty will be breached in case a director enters into a transaction, direct or indirect (Statewide Tobacco Services Ltd v Morley, 1990). Another duty another duty of the directors provided by the common law is the duty that requires that directors should not abuse corporate opportunities. Directors are required to avoid these situations where a conflict may exist between their own interests and that of the company. This situation may take place in case the act of the director is related with company's affairs that the act has been done in course of management and also while using the special knowledge and opportunities that are available to the person as a director of the company. It is also required that there should be a causal connection amid directors fiduciary duties and the opportunity. In such a case, it needs to be seen that the opportunity arose under what circumstances along with its nature as well as the nature of companys operations along with its future operations (ASIC v Rich, 2003). In case a connection is present amid the obligations of the director and such an opportunity, there are chances that the d irector has misused the opportunity. At this point, it also needs to be noted that in such a case it is not relevant if the company itself was not in a position to exploit the opportunity, except where it can be said that it is in the interests of the company that such opportunity may be pursued by the director (James, Ramsay and Siva, 2004). Apart from the common-law duties of directors, chapter 2D Corporations Act also provides for directors duties. These include the duty of care and diligence, duty of good faith and the improper use of information and position by the directors. There are certain other provisions that are related with the duty of the directors to prevent insolvent trading, disclosing material personal interests, financial reporting, and reliance on delegates. Statutory Duties: In this regard, s180 of the Corporations Act provides for the duty of the directors to use care and diligence and also provides the business judgment rule (AWA Ltd v Daniels, 1992). The director's duty of care and diligence is also present under the common law and his duty has also been provided by s180 of the Corporations Act. According to s180(1), the directors of companies should use their powers with the same level of care and diligence that would be exercised by any other reasonable person under similar circumstances. In this regard, the reference that has been made to the reasonable person reveals that it is an objective standard of care which is consistent with an equivalent fiduciary duty of the directors. Therefore a balance needs to be maintained between the reasonably foreseen risk of harm and the probable benefits that may reasonably be derived by the company from such conduct. In this regard, the court considers the subjective elements like position of the director as we ll as the particular circumstances of the company while assessing if the duty of the director has been breached or not (R v Byrnes, 1995). Section 180 incorporates the business judgment rule. According to s180(2) the director of the company is required to make judgment for proper purpose and in good faith and such director does not have any material personal interest regarding the subject matter of such judgment. In the same way, the directors should inform them about its subject matter to the extent which they reasonably believe to be appropriate. At the same time, it should be reasonably believed by the directors that the judgment made by them is in the best interests. Therefore, it is important that these requirements have been satisfied by the directors in order to fulfill the duty of care and diligence has provided by the Corporations Act regarding a particular business judgment. At this point, it needs to be mentioned that a business judgment includes the decision related with taking or not to take action regarding a particular matter that is relevant for the operations of the company (Farrar, 2000 p106). Application of Law: In the present case, the directors of Chaser Ltd. Anthony, Ben, Daniel and Kathleen have breached their duty as the director of the company to act with reasonable care and diligence. In this case, the directors of Chasers Ltd have not informed themselves adequately before entering into the contract with Westpool Pty Ltd. and have only relied on the presentation given by Anthony. They have not taken any steps to inform themselves if the tidal generation business would be suitable for the company or not. The result was that without making proper inquiries, they entered into a contract worth $20 million with Westpool Pty Ltd. However the business turned out to be a disaster within a short period of three months. The directors of Chasers Ltd came to know later on that due to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia is not suitable for the generation of tidal energy. Section 181 of the Corporations Act provide for the directors' duty of good faith. Therefore, the directors should use their powers and fulfill their duties in good faith. This section also provides that duties should be discharged and powers should be exercised by the directors for a proper purpose. In this way, this statutory provision is similar to the fiduciary duty of the directors which requires that the directors should act bona fide. In this way imposes a duty on the directors that they should act honestly even if there is a conflict of duties (ASIC v Vizard, 2005). This duty can be breached by the directors if they exercise their powers for an improper purpose although it is believed by the directors that they are acting honestly. Section 182 of the Corporations Act provides the duty of the directors according to which they should not use their position improperly. This section provides that the director of the company should not use its position improperly with a view to ac hieve personal advantage or for any other person or causing a detriment. This duty is breached by the director in case the director involves in conduct with a view to obtain a personal advantage or to cause a detriment to the company. In this regard it is immaterial if such benefit or detriment has been caused in reality or not (Greenhow, 1999 p33). In the present case, this duty has been breached by Anthony who is a director of Chaser Ltd and at the same time also a major shareholder of Westpool. In this case, and then he has acted improperly with a view to achieve personal gain and at the same time, Anthony has also acted with a view to benefit Wayne, who is an old friend of Anthony. At the same time, section 191 to 195 of the Corporations Act provides that material personal interests should be disclosed by the directors. Therefore a director who has material personal interest in any matter associated with companys affairs should give a notice regarding the presence of such interest under section 191 of the Act. The Corporations Act provides a list of the interests that the directors are not required to disclose and all other interests have to be disclosed. The notice containing the details related with the nature and extent and also how it is related with companys affairs needs to be given to the directors. This notice should be given as soon as reasonably possible after the director comes to know regarding the presence of such an interest. Conclusion: As a result of the above said discussion, it can be said in the present case that the directors of Chasers Ltd can be held liable for the breach of their duties as the director of the company prescribed by the Corporations Act and also for breaching the common law duties of directors. While the three directors of Chasers Ltd, Daniel, Ben and Catherine can be held liable for the breach of the common law duty of care and diligence as well as the statutory duty provided by s180, Corporations Act according to which the directors of companies have a duty of care and diligence. On the other hand, the fourth director of Chasers Ltd, Anthony has breached his duty as the director of the company when he did not inform the other directors concerning the presence of a significant material interest in the deal with Westpool. Similarly, Anthony has also acted with a view to attain a personal benefit and to get a benefit for Wayne, his old friend. Therefore, all the directors of the company have breached different duties of directors prescribed by the Corporations Act and also the common law duties. References Anderson, (2006) Creditors rights of recovery 30 Melb Uni LR 1 Farrar (2000) A Note on Dealing with Self Interested Transactions by Directors 12 Bond Law Review 106 Greenhow (1999) The Statutory Business Judgment Rule: Putting the Wind in Directors Sails in Bond Law Review 33 James, Ramsay Siva (2004) Insolvent Trading: an Empirical Study Keay, (2001) The directors duty to take into account the interests of company creditors: When is it triggered? 25 Melb Uni LR 315 Keay, 2001, Directors Duty to Take Into Account the Interests of Creditors Melbourne University Law Review 11 R P Austin, (1995) Representatives and Fiduciary Responsibilities Notes on Nominee Directorships and Like Arrangements 7 Bond Law Review 19 Ramsay Stapledon, (2000) Directors Conflicts Empirical Study Case Law ANZ Executors Trustee Co Ltd v Qintex Australia Ltd (recs and mgrsapptd) [1991] 2 Qd R 360 ASIC v StephenWilliam Vizard [2005] FCA 1037 ASIC v Vines [2006] NSWSC 760 Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Rich and Others (2003) 44 ACSR 341 AWA Ltd v Daniels (1992) 7 ACSR 759 R v Byrnes (1995) 130 ALR 529 Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1967] 2 AC 134 Statewide Tobacco Services Ltd v Morley (1990) 2 ACSR 405

Lil Wayne free essay sample

Lil Wayne is considered to be one of the best Rappers in the world. Wayne has made hit after hit. Waynes newest album is Tha Carter III. Lil Wayne mixes both Hip hop and Rap, Which makes his music even better. Some of his greatest hits would be â€Å"Mr. Carter, Phone Home, Lollipop, The Sky Is the Limit, Mrs. Officer, A Millie, Playing with Fire, and many more. Wayne is not a new artist. Actually his first album, The Block Is Hot, come out in 1999. Wayne was only 17 at that time. Waynes other albums are, â€Å"The Carter II, and Lights Out. In my opinion Waynes songs and Lyrics are very good. But they usually are offensive and have lots of bad words. But Wayne sure makes some good hits, and his beats are hot! Have you ever listened to them? I have never heard any beats like his. We will write a custom essay sample on Lil Wayne or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I would personally rate Wayne a 3 out of 5 because, there are good things and bad things about him about him. One good thing is that you are entertained when ever you listen to his music. One bad thing is that, the songs he writes have bad words. In my opinion Wayne is a very good rapper. If he wasnt then why would he have the nickname Weezy? I would recommend his kind of music to someone who wants to become a rapper, or if you just like his type of music. I like him a lot, and I hope you will.

isu essay good Essays (603 words) - Terry Fox, Creative Works, Terry

isu essay good Essays (603 words) - Terry Fox, Creative Works, Terry Sean Julien J. Watson ENG1D1 June 8, 2017 Terry Fox Hero- a person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. A hero is courageous. A hero is perseverance. A hero is selfless. In the biography Terry Fox His Story written by Leslie Scrivener Terry has displayed these three character traits. Terry Fox displayed courage most of the time, in many ways for himself, his family, friends, and every other person that looked up to him. "Even though he had cancer terry still chose to run" (Scrivener 36). Terry was diagnosed with cancer when he was only 18 years old, but instead of being that one kid who just did nothing about a bad time, he decided to do something, which ended up helping the world. After that "he dreamed to run 5300 miles, but didn't and still felt successful" (102). The thing is that Terry dreamed to do this amazing and incredible task that no one believed was possible except him. In the end, he may not have been able to finish, but he did not let that defeat him instead he was still proud of himself and so were all the people who doubted him in the beginning. So, Terry Fox showed that he was courageous from being able to run across Canada even though he had cancer. The second important character trait Terry had shown was perseverance. Perseverance is an important trait to have so he would not give up on everything and stick with what you are doing. Terry showed perseverance since he would push through most of the pains he had went through "Terry only stopped when the pain got too much to handle" (221). Even though he would run through pain everyday it just so bad he could not take it. And Terry did not just stop when he first felt a little pain "I was very sore and tired. It was even hard to walk, but still go up and ran" (232). Terry could have stopped running at any time but he chose to continue and to not give up on himself and others. If Terry did not have perseverance he may have stopped at the beginning of his run and could have not done the incredible acts that he has. A good person can do things for others without expecting anything in return which is what Terry Fox did just that and that is called selflessness. Terry started the marathon of hope to raise money and awareness for cancer research. And after he had to stop his run he was told "we will not rest until your dream to find a cure is met" (212). Since all the money Terry had raised was put towards cancer research instead of keeping it for himself. Also because of what Terry had done over his run "Terry was named Canada's greatest hero" (234). This happened because Terry did not need to start his run to earn money instead he could have just laid in bed trying to recover but he chose to make something out of nothing. Also, whenever Terry would be offered a Sponsorship he would turn down every offer. In conclusion Terry Fox is selfless because he chose to run across Canada to raise money and awareness for cancer research on his own. In conclusion Terry Fox has shown in multiple occasions that he is a hero, and has all the traits you would need if not more to be a worldwide hero like himself. Therefore, Terry Fox represents a hero. Work Cited Scrivener, Leslie. Terry Fox his story. Toronto. The Terry Fox Foundation,2000.Print.

When Are the 2015 AP Test Dates

When Are the 2015 AP Test Dates SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you took an AP test back in 2015, you might be wondering when exactly you took that exam. Or perhaps you just want to know how AP test dates change each year. Check out our table below to get the AP test dates for 2015, andread on for our exclusive tips and advice for prepping for AP tests- no matter what year you take the tests. 2015 AP Exam Dates The tables below show the 2015 schedule for AP Exams. Note that many of the most popular tests, such as Calculus AB/BC, English Language, Chemistry, and US History, were offered during the 8 am slot. (The two exceptions are Psychology and Statistics, which were offered in the afternoon.) Week 1 May 4 (Monday) May 5 (Tuesday) May 6 (Wednesday) May 7 (Thursday) May 8 (Friday) Morning (8 am) Chemistry Calculus AB English Literature and Composition Computer Science A German Language and Culture Environmental Science Calculus BC Spanish Language and Culture United States History Afternoon (12 pm) Psychology AP Seminar Japanese Language and Culture Art History European History Chinese Language and Culture Physics 1: Algebra-Based Physics 2: Algebra-Based Week 2 May 11 (Monday) May 12 (Tuesday) May 13 (Wednesday) May 14 (Thursday) May 15 (Friday) Morning (8 am) Biology United States Government and Politics English Language and Composition Comparative Government and Politics Human Geography Music Theory World History Microeconomics Afternoon (12 pm) Physics C: Mechanics French Language and Culture Statistics Italian Language and Culture Latin Spanish Literature and Culture Macroeconomics Afternoon (2 pm) Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Source: Bulletin for AP Students and Parents, 2014-2015 How to Stay Focused During the AP Exam Period Looking at these tables (or, more specifically, the tables for your particular AP testing year) can be overwhelming. If you're taking more than one AP test, it can be tough to manage your time during May and feel prepared for each test. I’m used to stressful AP weeks. For my last three years of high school, I had multiple exams every May. Sophomore year I had three in a week, junior year I took two tests in two days, and senior year my tests stretched all the way from the first day of testing to the last day. So how do you cope? My biggest piece of advice is to memorize your AP test schedule now so you're mentally prepared for what May will be like. For example, if you realize you’re going to have three tests in three days, plan to get all of your studying done before April ends so you can focus on feeling rested and ready in the days before all those tests. For most people, May means flowers and good weather. For you, it’s stress and prep books. Or say you're taking AP Chemistry, which (hypothetically) falls on the first Monday, and AP Human Geography, which (also hypothetically) falls on the last Friday. In this case, you should plan to do some intensive Chemistry studying in April so you’re ready to roll by the first test day- though you'll want to also keep studying for Human Geography. You could use the first two weeks of May to wrap up your Geography studying since it will be the only test you have to focus on. In short, it all depends on your particular exam schedule.Consult our other AP exams guide to learn more about the next AP test dates. Preparing for the AP Tests in May: 6 Essential Tips Once you know what the AP test dates are for your testing year and when your particular tests will be administered, use these six tips to help you prepare effectively for AP exam period. #1: Plan Ahead and Use High-Quality Resources First and foremost, make sure that you've learned all the major concepts and taken at least one practice exam for each subject before May. This should eliminate any need for panicked, last-minute cramming between AP tests! But what's the best way to learn major concepts? Besides using notes and homework assignments from your AP class, it's a good idea to useofficial prep materials.This way, you can be sure that you're working with AP questions and practice tests that are extremely similar to the real deal. For practice questions, use your test's Course Description PDFand itsFree Response questions (available for free for each AP test on the AP Students website). You should also utilize anyofficial full-length tests you can find for free online. If you're OK with spending a little money, you can also get practice AP tests by buying official prep booksvia the College Board store (though I recommend buying through Amazon, which typically offers them and other prep books at much lower prices). Some of these prep books are complete guides, whereas others are actual previously released exams. #2: Use Your Time Wisely If you have one exam that you know is going to be the hardest for you, considerprioritizing any extra time you have in May toward that test. That said, make sure you put in the time starting now to really devote yourself to mastering the main concepts and getting practice in so you don’t feel super-stressed come May. #3: Time Yourself on Practice Tests When doing practice sections in April and/or May- either multiple choice or free response- make sure you are timing yourself strictly so you are prepared for actual AP test timing. The exact test time will be written on the practice test and on your test's page on the AP Students website. #4: Remember to Rest If you have multiple exams in a week or two days in a row (or two in a day!), limit heavy studying during that time and instead make sure you’re getting enough rest instead. First of all, you won’t be able to do much quality studying in an afternoon after an AP test if your brain is already fried from taking an actual exam. Even if you can get yourself to focus, it’s just as important the night before a test to get enough rest so you’ll have plenty of energy the next day. Besides, you should have completed all your major studying way earlier than the night before the test! Don’t let this be you the night before your AP test. #5: Be Self-Reflective If tests make you super-stressed and anxious and you study like crazy (that was me!), actively make time for some fun and relaxation during the AP testing period. After all, 30 minutes of exercise or a full night’s sleep will likely benefit you more the night before test day than will going over a concept for the 10th time. But if you're having a hard time staying focused and studying, especially near the end of the school year, work in some short daily studying,such as vocab review or multiple-choice practice. This will help you feel mentally prepared for the test, even if you’re burned out. #6: Think About the Big Picture Take some time to remind yourself of your goals. Whether that’s acing AP Calculus BC so you never have to take calculus in college, or getting top scores so you can be competitive for the Ivy League, keeping your goals in mind will help you stay motivated up until test day. It can be tough to keep your motivation up during May, but it’s important to keep in mind the long-term impact exams like these can have on your academic future. Remember, you’ve already put the time in by taking the AP class all year long and studying. Does the AP Schedule Stay the Same From Year to Year? The AP test schedule doesn't change all that much from year to year, so the most recent year’s test schedule will always be a decent predictor of future AP schedules, especially over the next year or two.But you can’t do long-term planning with it. The 2015 AP schedule above is already getting a bit old, so I don't advise using this to predict AP schedules in the coming years. Rather, it's best to refer to our guide on AP test dates, which we update with each new testing year. If you're curious about how much the AP schedule changes, check out the schedule from 2014 to see how it changed in 2015. All changes are highlighted in yellow: Week 1 (2014) Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Morning (8 am) Chemistry Computer Science A Calculus AB English Literature and Composition English Language and Composition Environmental Science Spanish Language and Culture Calculus BC Afternoon (12 pm) Psychology Art History Chinese Language and Culture Japanese Language and Culture Statistics Latin Studio Art Week 2 (2014) Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Morning (8 am) Biology United States Government and Politics German Language and Culture Macroeconomics Comparative Government and Politics Music Theory United States History World History Spanish Literature and Culture Afternoon (12 pm) Physics B French Language and Culture European History Italian Language and Culture Physics C: Mechanics Human Geography Microeconomics Afternoon (2 pm) Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Note that Computer Science A, Spanish Language and Culture, Calculus AB/BC, and English Literature were still offered during the first week in the morning, but they shifted around between Tuesday to Thursday. Similarly, Art History, Chinese, and Japanese are still in the first week afternoon slot, but shifted between Tuesday to Thursday. The biggest moves were English Language, German, and Statistics. English Language moved to the second week, whereas German moved up to week one. Statistics, meanwhile, moved later to Wednesday in week two. Note that only three exams were substantially pushed around the schedule, which is why you could have used the 2014 schedule as a decent predictor for 2015. (As a brief note, Studio Art now uses a digital submission format, so it has been taken off the exam schedule.) However, if you go back five or 10 years, AP test dates begin to change more- and the exams themselves change. Some tests are added (such as the Physics exams) and some are taken away, such as French Literature and Studio Art. Therefore, if you’re trying to predict the AP test schedule years in advance, it'll be hard to be accurate. What’s Next? Want to know more about AP tests? Get the rundown of how long AP tests areso you can learn how to deal with time pressure on exam day. Also, learn when the upcoming AP test dates are so you can prepare ahead of time. Need help with studying for the SAT or ACT?Get started on your prep by settinga target SAT or ACT score that's perfect for your dream schools. Hoping to nab a perfect SAT or ACT score? Our guides toscoring a 1600 on the SAT and a 36 on the ACTteach you everything you need to know to be successful on test day. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Other than the obvious (Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, and Adams) Essay

Other than the obvious (Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, and Adams) which American political or military leader do you think had - Essay Example The founding fathers of America worked hard to make a revolution that was both resolute and changeable, and tried to supply basic principles that could be re-interpreted, changed, or even thrown out completely should they not prove considerable to the general population. This spirit of flexibility fits well with the Enlightenment conception of the renaissance man- a man who could be objective, while still participating actively in the revolution. These characteristics perhaps had their culmination, though, in the political figure of Samuel Adams. A well-educated, powerful advocate of freedom and liberty, Adams was an articulate architect of the American revolution as we know it, or would like to; that is, a revolution which is the servant of the people it represents, not their master, and a revolution that led to a government which is an ongoing continuation of the American revolution’s free spirit. One of the main ways that Adams contributed to the Revolution was the way in w hich he led crowds. When the Stamp Act of 1765 ordered the colonists to purchase stamps from England, Samuel Adams began to protest in earnest. He told the crowd what to do. In 1766, the Stamp Act was ordered, and Adams warned the crowd that if their trade goods were going to be taxed, their land would be next, along with everything else they had. Adams also planned, and participated in, the Boston Tea Party. To help coordinate the resistance to what he saw as attempts by the British government to violate the Constitution to the detriment of the colonies, in 1772, Adams and his colleagues set up the basic framework of the revolution, connecting the rhetoric and complaints of patriots throughout the colonies, and organizing resistance against the British. Increased resistance to British policy led to the Boston Tea Party 1773, and, thanks to Adams, the advent of the American Revolution. After Parliament approved compulsions in 1774, Adams attended the Continental Congress in Philadel phia, which was convened to coordinate a response to the harsh colonial rule of George III. Adams helped guide the Congress to the issuance of the Declaration of Independenc

Analyzing Pro Forma Statements Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing Pro Forma Statements - Assignment Example The essay "Analyzing Pro-forma Statement" talks about the financial forecasting methods that can be applicable for ABC Ltd to significantly reduce wastage of financial resources. The new initiative would be to market another product of the company. This would lead to an increase in the company’s sales over the forecasted period. Due to increased number of sales, the net fixed assets by the acquisition of new machinery to increase production will also increase. For current assets, an increase in sales will be as a result of increased stock of raw materials, work in progress and finished goods. An increase in credit sales will also increase debtors while more cash will be required to buy more inventories in cash. The retained earnings will also increase with sales if the firm is operating at a profit. The current liabilities will increase because the increased sales will lead to the purchase of more inventories. Long term capital items such as common stock and additional paid-in capital will not change or increase because they are not directly impacted by an increase in sales as they are always used to finance long-term projects. For ABC Ltd, the assumption of marketing of a new product will result in an increase in sales by 20%. The other items affected will also increase by the same percentage. The property, plant and equipment will increase due to the increased capacity and hence will use up capital. The sources of capital will the increase in accounts receivables and other liabilities and the cash.

The European Renaissance Essay Example for Free

The European Renaissance Essay The European Renaissance was one of the most important periods of time in all of Western Civilization’s history as many of the cultural, social and philosophical movements that derived from this movement not only greatly effected the people who lived during the time period of the Renaissance, but much of what occurred during this time period still resonates and influences cultures, ideologies and philosophical beliefs to this very day. As such, it becomes critical to examine the European Renaissance so as to understand what it achieved and how it still resonates to the modern era. A significant reason for this is that most arts and sciences build upon one each another in a logical progression. The attitudes of freedom in art, for example, slowly evolved into the more mature themes in art and film that were previously held back due to religious and government censorship. Current advances in science such as stem cell research are not much different than the arguments for and against spontaneous generation in prior centuries. As such, there is still much that exists today that is a logical extension of what was started many years ago. There were several areas of social change that derived from the Renaissance and the most important of these areas included art (painting, sculpture, architecture all evolved into phases that were far removed from what had been considered â€Å"classical† art), humanism (a theory of instilling knowledge that was a radical departure from traditional modes of education), religion (it was during this era that the concept of secularism as a response to classical religion began to take shape) and the philosophical notion of self awareness (this essentially refers to those living during the time period acknowledging the changes that were occurring). These changes were not mere changes within the realm of the elites, however. The changes that occurred in all these phases greatly affect the infrastructure of the western world as a whole and it did so by changing the fabric of the society and this would resonate with the population as a whole with the end result of civilization as a whole radically changing from a classical society that had become stagnant and overly reliant on tradition for its very existence. To a great degree, the scientific community was strongly affected but the knowledge that was derived from the renaissance period. While primitive compared to today’s standards, the concepts and ideas regarding astronomy have greatly impacted the way the modern world operates. For example, the common telescope was invented during the period of the Renaissance and from the telescope the study of the stars and the planets derived. This, of course, has manifested into what is now the modern space age of satellites and explorations to the moon. While this may seem like a â€Å"jump† if one does not look at the complete timeline or progression of such achievements, however, if one were to look at the advent of a number of modern achievements, the achievments can be traced back to the era of the renaissance. Of course no mention of the development of astronomy during the period of the Renaissance without mentioning the great advancements provided by Galileo; of course, Galileo was the inventor of the telescope as well as the man who developed the theory that the sun was the center of the universe and this, of course, forever sent science on the path of accuracy that is of paramount importance to subscribe to for scientific theories to remain accurate and relevant in the modern era. In terms of the modern era, it would be doubtful that the great expansion of the space age would exist without the foundations that were devised by Galileo. Considering the fact that the primary principles founded by Galileo have not been discarded or altered, it would be safe to say that their accuracy is irrefutable and, as such, still permeate in the sciences today. The American and European political institutions of the modern are also heavily reliant upon theories and ideologies of political thought that derive from the Renaissance period. In particular, the module of â€Å"classical liberalism† still manages to affect political thought in the modern western world today. (Please note: there are significant differences between classical liberalism and the modern version, although there are certain similarities between the two) For example, consider the classic renaissance thinker Voltaire and his famous statement â€Å"I may disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. This is clearly a contributing influence on the notion of freedom of speech to this day. In fact, in can be seen in the Constitution of the United States, a document which often used the common wisdom of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment as a guiding principle in the modern political theory of the United States. There are a number of examples of how events from the Renaissance shape modern cultural, social and political life and this can be seen in the following four examples: Skepticism: the notion of self awareness led greatly to the concept of questioning traditional norms and beliefs. From this, a number of examples can be put forth but one of the most prevalent in the news these days is the modern atheism movement, much of which derives its origins from the thought process of the Renaissance period. (Skepticism can be seen today in much of the modern political discourse that forces both parties to the center) Secularism: some confuse the notion of secularism with atheism and this is an inaccurate assessment. In reality, secularism simply means that religious law does not provide the basis for the supreme law of the land. In a secular society such as Europe and to varying extents, the United States, the law derives from secular origins and not from religious rule. Modern Art: While some would say that the Pop Art as devised by Andy Warhol is far removed from the Renaissance, the reality is that it, along with many different forms of modern art, derives from the changing concepts of art that originated in the Renaissance period. During the Renaissance, there was a significant shift away from art that centered on traditional images of â€Å"gods and kings† and this deviation from the classical module still exists to this day. Psychology: The field of psychology is also based in the concept of self-awareness that originated during the Renaissance period. Much of what exists in modern psychology centers on understanding oneself, the world and one’s surroundings and this was a notion that was born of the renaissance that still exists to this very day. The notion of looking inward, for example, as opposed to gods and mystics for enlightenment is the hallmark of modern psychology and looking inward as opposed to external structures is what is commonplace today in modern American pop culture and psychology and its origins are found in the Renaissance. To that extent, much of what exists in the United States today and well as the Western World in general is an extension of the success of the models of thought of the Renaissance. The perpetual extension of these modules of thought speak volumes for their accuracy.

Essay on the Importance of Enobarbus in Antony and Cleopatra :: Antony Cleopatra Essays

The Importance of Enobarbus in Antony and Cleopatra   In Shakespeare's play, Antony and Cleopatra, we are told the story of two passionate and power-hungry lovers. In the first two Acts of the play we are educated to the fact that they are entwined in an adulterous relationship, and that both of them are forced to show their devotion to Caesar. Along with being introduced to Antony and Cleopatra's strange love affair, we are introduced to some interesting secondary characters. The secondary character most important to the theme of the play is Enobarbus. Enobarbus is a high-ranking soldier in Antony's army who it seems is very close to his commander. We know this by the way Enobarbus is permitted to speak freely (at least in private) with Antony, and often is used as a person to whom Antony confides in. We see Antony confiding in Enobarbus in Act I, Scene ii, as Antony explains how Cleopatra is "cunning past man's thought" (I.ii.146). In reply to this Enobarbus speaks very freely of his view of Cleopatra, even if what he says is very positive: ...her passions are made of nothing but the finest part of pure love. We cannot call her winds and waters sighs and tears; they are greater storms and tempests than almanacs can report. This cannot be cunning in her; if it be she makes a shower of rain as well as Jove. (I, ii, 147-152) After Antony reveals that he has just heard news of his wife's death, we are once again offered an example of Enobarbus' freedom to speak his mind, in that he tells Antony to "give the gods a thankful sacrifice" (I.ii.162), essentially saying that Fulvia's death is a good thing. Obviously, someone would never say something like this unless they were in very close company. While acting as a friend and promoter of Antony, Enobarbus lets the audience in on some of the myth and legend surrounding Cleopatra. Probably his biggest role in the play is to exaggerate Anthony and Cleopatra's relationship. Which he does so well in the following statements: When she first met Mark Antony, she pursed up his heart, upon the river of Cydnus. (II.ii.188-189) The barge she sat in, like a burnished throne, Burned on the water: the poop was beaten gold; Purple the sails, and so perfumed that The winds were lovesick with them; the oars were silver, (II.

Development of a Clinical Practice guideline for Acute Care Nursing

Clinical practice guidelines are formulated as a necessity to provide uniformity in the nursing field, cut down costs involved and improve the quality of care offered to patients. One of the most important ways of developing a practical and effective guideline is the systematic review of literature on this area since extensive and credible research has been carried out and documented by qualified professionals. It is important to examine whether the formulation of such guidelines has helped influence the conduct of nurses and by extension to evaluate the extent, if any that the provision of health care has benefited from such guidelines.It becomes essential to consider specifically the various areas of intensive medicine since the importance of the department makes it a necessity to have clear, uniform and sustainable practices that fosters discipline, acquisition of new knowledge and a diligence in ensuring that exact and prompt care is administered to save lives. Introduction Nursi ng is a vital part of our society due to the mortal nature of humanity. The average human person cannot live his whole life without need to acquire some medical attention due to either ailment or injury.Nurses therefore provide the necessary care in ensuring that people receive treatment of their various ailments and injuries and hence the role of the nurse is to foster good health and maintain good quality of life. Nurses work under all kinds of environment depending on the nature of ailment, preferences of the patients, personal choices that are influenced by various social and economic factors and in accordance to the laws and guidelines of the various institutions that have jurisdiction over the conduct of nurses under their authorities.These institutions might range from federal and state governments, registration and oversight bodies and specific hospitals in which individual nurses are attached. There are many fields in medicine and nurses work in all these departments depend ing on the specificity of the fields they have received training in. This paper will dwell on the area of acute care provision since as a student specializing in this field; it is common logic that my review should rotate within the educational confines of this field.The area of acute care nursing usually involves attending to patients within the intensive unit set up and is mainly patients whose lives are in danger due to fatal ailments and serious injuries. The history of the development of intensive unit care can be traced to Florence Nightingale and the contribution it has brought to the field of medicine is monumental if the great number of lives saved can be a testimony of its importance and success.It is important that nurses receive sufficient training since their occupation involves saving lives or restoring health regardless of whether assisting medics or administering such services independently. Education then becomes a vital part in the development of the nursing profes sion and hospitals have recognized the importance of education and by extension, hospitals are mandating that their nurses update their training annually (Kurjak & Chervenak, 2006).There is a lot of prudence and common sense behind such directives, most of which are due to the increasing innovations in technology, medicines and methodologies in the field of medicine and nursing. Nurses, especially acute care nurses are required to have accurate knowledge in operating various machines employed in treating patients and since many improvements and new inventions are a daily occurrence, failure to have current knowledge might be a cause for catastrophe and civil liability thereafter.Guidelines are used to ensure that new findings in nursing are used to ensure that gains are felt in the nursing sector to ensure that all stake holders benefit. Good guidelines should be based on evidence and the best way to collect such evidence is through systematic reviews of the existing literature (Sil agy, 2001). However, since several literatures exists on this field and the nature of the many changes in technology and technique that have occurred through the ages, it is necessary to limit your review to materials produced in the near past.The actual period one chooses to examine might be determined by several factors but among them might be the length of the systematic review with a small review like this one going back 5 to 10 years. This means that knowledge contained in these primary documents is current and a reflection of the present condition of nursing sector and guidelines based on such materials will act as an improving factor in the current health service provision.

Sea Imagery in Charles Dickens’s a Tale of Two Cities

Gft. World Lit. -4 22 April 2012 Sea Imagery in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities In Charles Dickens’s Book A Tale of Two Cities, he illustrates the French Revolution and its effect on the people. Through the stories of revolutionaries, upper-class, and lower-class citizens he creates a dichotomy between Paris, France, and London, England, to caution England about what will happen if their government continues to run as France’s does. Dickens uses imagery of the sea to warn that a hellacious government leads to an equally hellacious revolt. The focus of Dickens’s book centers on the hellacious government that rules France.Aristocracy and upper-class society work the puppet of the country’s government. Cover to cover, â€Å"The novel actually begins and ends with a description of the nobility’s abuses of the poor. † (Gonzalez-Posse 347). The book’s first words form a dichotomy between the lives of each class. Then in the fin al lines, Sydney Carton remarks on his sacrifice as he awaits the guillotine pressed on him by the wrath of the government. In the book, Darnay battles with his uncle, Monsieur de Marquis, about the unfair treatment from the aristocracy and that because of it â€Å"France in all such things is changed for the worse† (Dickens 127).Darnay’s concern about the manipulation and use of lower classes to socially raise people, like his uncle, heightens as they discuss the treatment, lack of acknowledgment, and to admit their neglect. Dickens uses this to prove the government’s dreadfulness. Most any peasant before 1775 experienced hardships, but without attention it worsens. Government has no disregard during this time as to how they treated their people and most provocatively demonstrate it â€Å"In perhaps the novel’s cruelest scene, soldiers play upon a common taboo and allow an executed man’s blood to run into a village well, knowing that the communit y will be obliterated. (Rosen 94). Darnay continues to press his argument on his uncle about aristocracy’s abuses protesting that â€Å"Even in my father’s time we did a world of wrong, injuring every human creature who came between us and our pleasure whatever it was. † (Dickens 128). Darnay’s disagrees with how people utilize money and status to tyrannize those lower than them to achieve even their smallest goals. On a less violent note, some just refuse to recognize the problem with France’s people. Dickens demonstrates how the aristocracy ives the high life by showing how one â€Å"Monseigneur could swallow a great many things with ease, and was by some few sullen minds supposed to be rather rapidly swallowing France. † (Dickens 109). Upper-class citizens indulging in luxuries pay no mind to the poor around them who made up the great majority of the country. They have money to eat and â€Å"swallow† any food they pleased while oth ers scavenge daily for a possible dinner. Looking back at the history of events leading up to the Revolution, â€Å"There is, no doubt a great deal of truth in this view of the matter,† (Stephen 155).The hellacious government oppresses the people of France. Devastation did not rule France before the cruel wrath of the aristocracy reigned over. In Dickens’s book, he displays a scene of Mr. Lorry when he first meets Lucie Manette and â€Å"a sudden vivid likeness passed before him, of a child whom he had held in his arms on the passage across that very channel on cold time when the hail drifted heavily and the sea ran high. † (29). Lucie lost her family as a baby, her father to the Bastille and her mother to death, so Mr. Lorry takes her away from France to grow in England.Times have not yet reached the peak of pain; the people’s spirits run high with hope. Dickens uses sea imagery throughout the book to demonstrate the intersections between social classes who had believed themselves to live as parallels before. Now things have changed, â€Å"The centuries of aristocratic rule have left France a waste land. † (Rosen 93). Nothing in France lives anymore, death, depression, and oppression have left France desecrated. The French lose all hope as they prepare to storm the Bastille, â€Å"Every living creature there held life as of no account, and was demented with a passionate readiness to sacrifice it. (Dickens 221). No lone soul in the crowd troubles with what might become of them or those around them. The ability to reason a life threatening situation over survival has lost them and the mob prepares to lay their lives down. Oppression consumes the nation and even the corruption of friendship befalls them. Successful lawyer Mr. Stryver differs very much from his assistant and friend Sydney Carton in Dickens’s book. Stryver treats Carton as below him and conveys himself as, â€Å"dragging his useful friend in his wake, li ke a boat towed astern. (Dickens 211). Stryver uses Carton to accomplish his drive to excel socially, pulling Carton through the rough waves of upset that he creates. As a whole, the people of France find joy in watching the brutal executions of others hoping that it will satisfy the aristocracy’s thirst for blood. Oppression drives them to the point where trials rush and every sentence reaps death. In the event of Darnay’s trial, Dickens renders the justice system as, â€Å"the public current of the time set too strong and too fast for him. † (270).The jury and the spectators press for a quick trial ending in death. Darnay frets he will not get the chance to defend his self. This behavior is only a result of the government’s oppression, â€Å"While a great part of the novel is spent detailing the violence surrounding the storming of the Bastille and the beginnings of the Reign of Terror, the narrative is punctuated by reminders of the kind of violent ab uses that instigated this anger in the first place. † (Gonzalez-Posse 347). Terrors of the government send the people into frenzy; they want to take an eye for an eye.This only proves Dickens’s point, â€Å"that violence and oppression only lead to more of the same. † (Gonzalez-Posse 347). The evidence indicates that the government leaves the people of France with only one choice, to return the violent acts that have devastated them. When presented with a life threatening situation, human instinct leaves one with two choices; fight or flight. Threat of life though will usually end in strive for survival. The oppressed in Dickens's book choose to fight for their survival through violence.One critic discusses this choice, â€Å"there are two possible ways in which violence may be exorcised: first, as a spontaneous release from slavishness through self-regardless violence†¦ second, as a calculated retreat from self-abandonment toward the use of violence agains t others in an attempt to make one's transcendent liberation endure in the world. † (Kucich 101). The people have the ability to unleash themselves on the government without warning or organization. These instances would be each individual lash out at the government but they would not ensure freedom.Their second possible choice of violence brings rebellion in groups such as the storming of the Bastille where everyone gives up everything to achieve one common goal. Trouble arises for more than just the aristocracy though, â€Å"For both men, the Revolution is a tumultuous ‘sea' with spinning whirlpools. Innately violent Mother Nature replaces the civilized order† (Bloom 22). Hardships and trials arise for all social classes, confusion runs wild amongst the people brought on by nature making the Revolution inevitable. The crowd surrounding Monsieur Defarge compels him to fight during the torming of the Bastille, â€Å"So resistless was the force of the ocean bearin g on him,† (Dickens 251). The strength of passion in the mass of angry people around Defarge raises a feeling within him, mob mentality, to fight as well. Dickens uses the word â€Å"resistless† to illustrate that fighting back this feeling, the uncontrollable urge to do as those around him, cannot be done. Fighting as a unified group derives from the human instincts when oppressed, â€Å"It follows the Revolution’s progression as the downtrodden peasants unite to overthrow their oppressors,† (Gonzalez-Posse 345).Naturally, struggle for survival pushes one to destroy or vanquish whatever puts them at risk. The French peasants as a whole realize that this brute force presents itself as their only way to save themselves. Blood flows like small streams through the cobblestone streets in every violent scene of Dickens’s book. The government brings it on first when a cask of wine breaks in the streets and people are on their hands and knees lapping it up like dogs because they are so starved from poverty.A man writes â€Å"BLOOD† on the walls and the wine stains lips and hands as if it truly were. As the book progresses, the peasants bring out the bloodshed. In the beginning, Mr. Lorry takes a walk along the beach. While looking at the rocks and other things brought to the surface by the waves, now tumbling around, Dickens portrays it for his readers, â€Å"the sea did what it liked, and what it like was destruction. † (Dickens 27-28). Up until this point Dickens has not had enough time to make too many references to the people French as â€Å"the sea†.Instead of speaking of them directly he foreshadows the upcoming revolution about to strike and the devastation it will cause. After the scene where the cask splits, lamplighters illuminate the street with the dim glow of candles and here Dickens introduces, â€Å"Indeed they were at sea and the ship and crew were in peril of tempest. † (Dickens 39). The o ppressed hold up the aristocracy because, after all, there would be no upper-class without a lower-class to hold them up. Government can not exist without residents to govern.The word â€Å"peril† implies the imminent danger of a storm that cannot be avoided, the Revolution where peasants will rock and threaten the lives of those they uphold. Storms like the one Dickens predicts bring decease and ruin in the most upsetting of ways. Those who were once civilized humans are now raging, â€Å"When the mob turns homicidal, its impulse is plainly cannibalistic, with its victims often torn limb from limb. † (Rosen 95). Primitive aspects of human nature buried under years of manners from society’s rules break free from hiding places and unfold on the aristocracy and government of France.Dickens fast forwards his readers though time when the revolution has not yet ended, â€Å"-the firm earth shaken by the rushes of an angry ocean which had no ebb, but was always on th e flow, higher and higher to the terror and wonder of the beholders on the shore-† (Dickens 231). The Revolution has failed to die down. Instead it persistency in its action holds the attention of the aristocracy and government who have not so far suffered from it and now await its arrival. While the Revolution wares on, those participating in it see it unravel only in a moment.In the grindstone scene, peasants work hastily to sharpen their weapons, to a viewer, â€Å"All this was seen in the vision of a drowning man†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dickens 260). The adrenaline rush from the fear of the killings about to take place clutters the mind making the processing of this moment all too quick. The minds of unstoppable revolutionaries are not thinking, just the primal instinct to attack. Psychology explains it as, â€Å"this yearning for the pure release of self-violence is identified as the ultimate form of desire for freedom,† (Kucich 101).The hellacious aggression exhibited by the oppressed people of France reflects the crimes done to them before. This natural passion once repressed does not break out with such hate until a desperate cause arises. Oppression leaves the people of France with two choices. Fighting confirms the only logical answer where as flight would have them run away to another oppressed county. Revolution supplies the only sufficient means of revenge, â€Å"The novel presents two sources of violence, the heartless and reckless disdain of the nobility and the base savagery of the rebelling masses responding to it. † (Gonzalez-Posse 347).The two way road here makes cruelty a give and take relationship between social classes. From the lower-class’s point of view, the only fair way for revenge has the aristocracy undergo the same level of pain as they do. Peasants suffer from starvation, disease, and death. While the lower-class does not have the ability to deprive the upper-class of their money and lavish riches, they can how ever cause a violent uproar in physical pain to meet the level of their own. So in essence, the Revolution lacks the unnecessary gore some believe it has, instead a reasonable reaction to the upper-class’s malice government and, â€Å"The people, says Mr.Dickens, in effect, had been degraded by long and gross misgovernment and acted like wild beasts in consequence. † (Stephen 155). The oppressed French justify their actions and choices because the government inflicts pain on them first. The carefree government, practically run by the aristocracy, can be called corrupt for their crimes against the people. Freedom must be obtained through violence and this â€Å"can arguably be said to be moved by laudable motives, such as a desire to overturn OPPRESSION and avenge or protect their loved ones. † (Gonzalez-Posse 347).Examples for justification of the lower-class’s choices come in high frequency in Dickens’s book. Talking of an upper-classman, visual a ppearances show just how different the two classes are, â€Å"his stockings, was as white as the tops of the waves that broke upon the neighboring beach, or the specs of sail that glinted in the sunlight far at sea. † (Dickens 27). To have enough money to be able to have garments as clean as Dickens describes them here has become unreal. Specifically, when around 97% of France’s population does not have money to buy daily bread.The sea imagery used here describes the small number of people who can afford to live this way. They come few and far between like droplets of water on a boat’s sail, or white caps of waves. Justice for the oppressed finds its way solitarily through violence making their choices for revolution feasible, â€Å"The liberating intentions behind the lower classes’ violence, however, are only a response to the repressive image of non-human freedom and the ‘represented’ violence that defined the power of the class of Monsei gneur. (Kucich 102). Upper-class, defined as having money, power, and influence, abuses of lower-classes and influences government to allow them to get away with it. Lower-class citizens require a violent revolution to gain freedom from their oppressors, without it they would be driven to ruin. The misgovernment of France leads to the oppression of its lower-class. Aristocracy abuses their power through violence and eventually pushes the lower-class into a position where they feel their lives threatened.Human instinct tells the oppressed that they must fight back in order to gain their safety and their freedom. The government’s violent oppression causes the Revolution, â€Å"Sow the same seed of rapacious license and oppression over again, and it will surely yield the same fruit according to its kind. † (Dickens 381). Dickens’s writes this book to warn England that if they continue to poorly govern their country as France does then they will inevitably have a re volution of their own on their hands.

Trojan Women Essay Example

Trojan Women Essay Example Trojan Women Essay Trojan Women Essay Essay Topic: Mythologies The Trojan Women is a Greek tragedy by Euripides. He explores the hardships faced by the women of Troy after their land had been destroyed by the loss of the Trojan War. In the play, the women were faced with various difficulties. They were not only meant to deal with the horrors of the war like the death of their loved ones and their city in ruins but were also faced with the terror of what their future will hold. They yearn for revenge and the hope that life will recover in the future. Awoken after the city is in ruins, the Trojan women gather together amongst Hachure, the former queen f Troy as they wail the loss of their husbands and seek to find what theyre future may hold. However, the horrors of the war did not Just end with death. Hectares daughter Cassandra was raped in the temple of Athena by Alas the Less and the Greeks not only did nothing to stop him from this injustice, he was also never questioned his actions. Another saddening aspect of the war was the commandment of Assistant, the young son of Andromeda and the brave Hector to death by being thrust off the walls of Troy. This was to be done in the belief that he, being the son of brave warrior, would rise against the Greeks when he was older. It was heartbreaking to find his corpse brought back to Hachure towards the end of the play when his wounds were wrapped and he was buried. The future brought the most dreadful situations for the women. Taillights, the messenger, brought news on what was to come. The women would all be separated and enslaved by various Greeks. Hachure worried about how her old age would support her doing household chores. Once a queen, she is now a servant to Odysseus, King of Ithaca. On enquiring about ere daughters she finds that Cassandra, who is already traumatized, had been personally chosen by King Agamemnon to be his lover. This shocked her mother as her daughter has taken a sacred oath of virginity. I as a reader further noted the unbearable feeling the women may have felt when Cassandra broke out with torches thanking Hymen, the god of marriage for giving her the opportunity to slay Agamemnon. Taillights informs Hachure that Andromeda belongs to the son of Achilles whereas Polygene will he located beside the tomb of Achilles. Assistant, as mentioned earlier will be condemned to death. The tone of the entire play was filled with sorrow as the women constantly moan with sadness of the various aspects of the play that had happened or were to happen in the future. They all know that they will be carried off by ship too strange land with no care or comfort. The idea of revenge was another component that I found conspicuous in the play. Many characters seek revenge in the play. Firstly, Athena speaks to Poseidon about how Alas the Less raped Cassandra in her temple when she came to seek shelter. She asks Poseidon to help her saying that she had already spoken to Zeus, the king of the gods who will release hail among the ships and provide Athena with lighting bolts. Poseidon had been given the power to create whirlpools and they both go off to prepare to attack the ships. Another person seeking revenge is Menelaus who plans to kill Helen for abandoning Greece and running off with Paris. Even though she tries to charm her way out of it, convincing him that she is the savior of Greece, Hachure contradicts her theory keeping Menelaus on track to killing her. The women detest Cassandra also seeks revenge as she plans to slay Agamemnon for the sake of her lost father. The readers may feel sad for the various events happened but this need for revenge amongst the various characters conveys that they not only feel depressed but also face heights of anger for everything that has been brought to them due to the war. The aspect of the book that I was personally shocked by was the exploration of hope. On reporting the death of Polygene to Hachure, Andromeda mentions that she is better off dead. However, Hachure mentions that only on living do we find the pope for a better tomorrow. This idea was one of the most captivating in the book because even as Hachure has lost everything she ever had she still hopes that things will get better. It is also ironic that Andromeda has the idea of death being better off right before she finds out about the death of her son to come and the question remains if she would still feel that way about his death. My favorite scene was also the most hear-breaking, when Andromeda finds that her child was to be taken from her and killed. This separation of a mother and a child who was the hope of a better true for Troy was saddening especially when his dead body was returned to her. She speaks to her son telling him to hold on to her, hug her and kiss her. This shows how much it breaks her to leave her son and guilt of how she is letting this happen. It also shows how much she is going to miss him. I find that Euripides has successfully conveyed the various hardships of the women of Troy by exploring ideas of death, dread to find what the future holds, revenge and hope. Many of the ideas explored were heart-breaking and makes us as an audience sympathize with these women for hat they have been put through. It had proven that there is more than what meets the eye in an event of war and has given me an emotional perspective of a war rather than simply focusing on the destruction and death. This play has also given me an insight into Greek theatre. As a theatre student I now have an understanding on the ancient Greek style of writing. The language used was rich and I was unable to understand many of the characters without researching their mythological background. I even had to research the Trojan War and the author to understand what the story was about. This research of the terms in the book led me to many other findings of Greek theatre that I find rather interesting. Not only do I find the work of Euripides fascinating, I also learnt about the ancient festival of Dionysian which took place in an open air stone structure with tiered seating. They were also one of the first to make use of masks. Greek mythology and theatre seem to be a world of its own and I was glad to embark on this unit of my individual study learning about Greek tragedies, mythologies, works and writers and how it pushes me further into the even bigger world of acting.

Common Seal - Phoca vitulina - The Animal Encyclopedia

Common Seal - Phoca vitulina - The Animal Encyclopedia The common seal (Phoca vitulina), also known as the harbor seal, is an agile carnivore with a streamlined body and flipper-like limbs that enable them to swim with great skill. Common seals have a thick coat of short hair. Their fur color varies from off white, to gray, to tan or brown. Common seals have a unique pattern of spots across their body and in some individuals this pattern is more distinct than in others. Their nostrils are V-shaped and can be closed tightly to prevent water from entering their nose when they swim. Common seals do not have an outer ear structure, which helps with streamlining in the water. Common seals occupy the widest range of all the seal species. They inhabit the coastal areas of the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean. They can be found throughout the arctic, subarctic, and temperate regions. Their habitat preference includes coastal islands, beaches, and sand bars. There are between 300,000 and 500,000 common seals living in the wild. Seal hunting once threatened the species but is now illegal in most countries. Some populations of common seals are threatened, even though the species as a whole is not. For example, populations that are declining include those of Greenland, the Baltic Sea, and Japan. Killing by humans still poses a threat in these areas, as does disease. Some common seals are killed intentionally to protect fish stocks or by commercial hunters. Other common seals are killed as bycatch by fishing activities. Common seals are protected by various countries by legislation such as the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (in the United States) and the Conservation of Seals Act of 1970 (in the United Kingdom). Common seals feed on a variety of fish as prey including cod, whitefish, anchoview, and sea bass. They also sometimes eat crustaceans (shrimps, crab) and mollusks. They feed while at sea and sometimes forage long distances or dive to considerable depths to find food. After foraging, they return to resting sites on the coast or on islands where they rest and recover. There are about 25,000 Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richarii) that live along the California coast. Members of this population remain close to shore where they feed in the intertidal zone. On the east coast, Western Atlantic harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) are present on the coast and islands of New England. They spend the winter further north along the coast of Canada and migrate south to the New England area to breed. Breeding occurs in May through June. Size and Weight About 6.5 feet long and up to 370 pounds. Males are generally larger than females. Classification Common seals are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Mammals Pinnipeds Phocidae Phoca Phoca vitulina Common seals are divided into the following subspecies: Eastern Atlantic harbor seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina) - Eastern Atlantic harbor seals are found along the coastlines of Europe.Insular seal (Phoca vitulina stejnegeri) - Insular seals are found in eastern Asia.Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richarii) - Pacific harbor seals are found along the coastlines of western North America.Ungava seal (Phoca vitulina mellonae) - Ungava seals are freshwater seals that inhabit eastern Canada.Western Atlantic harbor seal (Phoca vitulina concolor) - Western Atlantic harbor seals are found along the east coast of North America.

Marketing Strategy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Marketing Strategy - Term Paper Example This will help the company in bringing together all the basics of marketing for the purpose of ensuring that the objective of the promotion; that is entering a new market of the new innovation is achieved. Introduction The first iMac was the earliest legacy-free PC. The original iMac was the first ever Macintosh computer not to have the FDD and to be fitted with a USB port. All the Macs have consequently fitted it. Through the USB port, we find that the makers of hardware could produce items that compatible with both the Macs and the x86. Initially, the users of Macintosh were forced to look for particular hardware, like the mice and keyboards that were specially designed for the ‘old world’ the exclusive ADB interface and modems together with printers with the LocalTalk ports of the Mac. Only a small number of the models from particular producers or companies came with these interfaces, and usually and often went at a premium price. Being cross-platform, we find that th e USB has enabled the users of Macintosh to choose from a large variety of devices that are promoted for Wintel PC platform, like storage devices, mice, canners, USB flash drives and hubs. As the USB was slower compared to many ports present at the time like the SCSI, iBooks, and the unmodified iMacs were seriously crippled until sufficient replacements like the USB 2.0 and FireWire were standardized. However, after iMac, the company continued removing the older floppy drives together with peripheral interfaces from its remaining product line (Carroll, 2011). Borrowing from the 20th Anniversary Macintosh of 1997, the different iMacs designs that are LCD-based maintained the all-in-one idea first envisaged in the original Macintosh computer of the company. Nevertheless, the successful iMac enabled the company to continue with its targeting of the Power Macintosh line at the market’s high-end. This prefigured the same concept in the notebook market when the iBook that looks lik e the iMac was launched in the year 1999. However, since then, Apple has maintained this concept of consumer differentiation against the professional product lines (Sculley, 2009). The focus of the company on design has enabled all of its consequent products to establish a distinct identity. The company avoided the use of the beige colors that were pervading the industry at that time. Apple would later shift from the multihued designs of the late 1990s and the early 2000s. However, the later part of the twenty first century’s first decade saw the company applying the anodized aluminum and black, white, and the clear polycarbonate plastics. Several PCs currently, are more design-conscious compared to the period before the introduction of the iMac, with the multi-shaded schemes of design being widespread, and some laptops together with desktops present in multicolored, and decorative or pretty patterns (Frank, 2010, p52). The campaign is to be carried out in the United States a nd in countries all over the world. The time frame for theses objectives to be achieved will be twenty four months. As the company works towards the introduction of upgraded and newer products, adjustments and refinements may need to be undertaken. However, the most important thing is maintaining consistency. Moreover, since both objectives are based on one another, the company should primarily focus on putting emphasis or stress on the extensibility message in attempting to speed understanding to the idea or concept of digital lifestyle

Why death penalty should be abolished Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why death penalty should be abolished - Essay Example Being humane is a question we put on the limelight in discussing the death penalty. Those who are in favor of the punishment for heinous crimes cry for the safety of the majority, arguing that it is far better for men to extinguish a criminal’s life than put innocent lives in danger as they are exposed to possible criminal acts by the individual. It could be true that lives are endangered as we let criminals live however, the prison cells are created for them to recuperate lost trust and integrity. Death penalty kills not just the human body but the chance to become better as well. We do not just stand as judges before the convicted felon but as the killer of his hopes and dreams. Even criminals have the right for such. Pataki (52), as mentioned believes that the death penalty is not a source of crime deterrence so what is there to argue about? Are we not imposing the death penalty in the hope that people with inclinations to heinous crimes would think twice if not a hundred t imes and decide to do otherwise? Ending a criminal’s life is not the solution to ending heinous crimes because if that were the case, then we should have a crime-free world these days for the many lives the death penalty has claimed. Nor will it assure the safety of the innocent, otherwise we can now all go out in peace, free of the worries that nothing and no one can harm us and yet circumstances show us the naked truth that the system has never been successful in achieving its objectives. The argument that life begets life with the death penalty being an act of self-defense is totally erroneous not only because of the aforementioned point of view but that because history shows that not just a handful of convicted felons have been put to death so unjustly. I state my stand on the death penalty on the basis of my agreement with Lang’s (2011) philosophy that there is a chance, and may I add a humungous chance that a person may die because of being wrongly convicted. Let us not close our eyes to the fact that there are piles of evidences to such injustice. Michael Lang (2011) in his article mentioned the injustice suffered by Michael Blair and Charles Hood. Evidences presented in court showed that he did not commit the crime accused against him but that was after fourteen years of being in death row. Imagine the psychological and emotional torture the thought of dying for a crime he did not commit has caused him, not to mention the wasted fourteen years of his life, the records that could be used against him and the after-effects of the mental torture he survived in the jail. That part of his battle may to us seem over, but to Blair, his battle continues as he tries to live a normal life after more than a decade in prison which I reckon can never actually be normal again. The hope then for us is that, the system did not create a criminal out of him now that he is freely moving among us. Hood on the other hand is still on his journey that Blair trod and our cry for him is that he will be given the justice he deserves in the hands of the judge and prosecutor who admitted to having an illicit sexual affair (Lang). Things can never be said to have been better for the aforementioned examples but looking at the cases of mentally retarded people convicted of crimes they did not commit is far heart-breaking than any other case like that of Tony Chambers and Jerry Penry representing their fellow victims (Robinson). Chambers has at his age was expected to have an intelligence quotient of 100 but was found to be between 50-63, the IQ of a six-year old. Penry on the other hand was proven to have been mentally disadvantaged since he was a child triggered by the abuses of his mother; he was accused of murdering a twenty year old woman in 1979. Could such people still threaten us of an escape plan so that we claim to be protecting ourselves from the possible damage they can still cause? What about their right to live? Would it not be too mu ch for us to kill not just innocent but

Analysis of the Promotion of Krijen Games New Product, Andromeda 99-XD Case Study - 1

Analysis of the Promotion of Krijen Games New Product, Andromeda 99-XD in the Indian Market - Case Study Example The aspect of globalization implies an enhanced level of competition in the global consumer markets. This has made it important for every organization to carefully undertake and formulate a policy that would help it to grab a market share in a chosen target market. The enhanced aspect of competitiveness in the market has also enhanced the level of competition as more players are resorting to this strategy, considering the saturation of the traditional markets of Western Europe and the USA. The present study would include a marketing plan for the launch of a new product in a new market. A fictitious company named Krijen Games has been chosen as the firm while the name of the product is ‘Andromeda ® 99-XD’. The product would be a technological marvel that would have features unmatched by any of the presently available product of its kind in the market. The market chosen for the study is the Indian consumer market which has been deliberately chosen considering the busines s potential of the nation on accounts of its strong economic growth in recent years. The marketing plan would consist of a situation analysis which would help in analyzing the internal and external environment of the organization. A SWOT analysis would help in the analysis of the firm. In addition, Porter’s model of five forces would be used to analyze the competitive framework for the organization in the chosen market. Finally, a primary study would be conducted with two separate sets of questionnaires. These would help in devising an appropriate segmentation and positioning strategy for the Indian market. Finally, a product mix for the new product would be created on the basis of the situation analysis and the primary study that would help the firm to gain long-term sustainable competitive advantage in the Indian consumer market. The global markets and business environments are changing rapidity.

Identity In Post Colonial Australian Essay

Identity In Post Colonial Australian Essay In the second half of the 20th century, after two centuries of colonial oppression and assimilation policies in Australian history, political and social break thoughts of aboriginal people in to the dominant European culture was bought to an end, thus enabling Aboriginal Artists to have the freedom to express their traditions, culture and identity. According to Oxford Art Online, the Simultaneous explosions of the Australian art market in the 1990s, gained international recognition for Aboriginal Art that emerged into the contemporary Aboriginal art that appealed to White Australias conflicting a desire for cultural reconciliation. The recognition of artistic production in Aboriginal communities across Australia enabled artists to explore themes of cultural alienation. The first wave of contemporary Aboriginal painters including Clifford Possum, Rover Thomas, Paddy Bedford and Emily Kame Kngwarreye, utilized repertoires of dots, blocks of color, with stimulating negative spaces or gestural brushstrokes to evoke the sense of a sacred, collective knowledge. Collectors and museums began to actively collect contemporary Aboriginal works, whose conceptual paintings reinterpreted Australian colonial history. Today Aboriginal Australians are producing art in the remote regions where artists continue to explore their connections with their ancestral land and traditions of ground designs, body art, painted canvases, and bark paintings using contemporary materials. The practice of art is seen differently by indigenous art-makers than their contemporary artist counterparts; the works themselves often have a lot in common with much contemporary artwork, particularly with conceptual, installation and issues-based art. However, in early times, art had a different function than the modern ideas of self-expression or decoration; created with spiritual and hunting/survival purposes in mind. The identity of the individual artist/maker of cave paintings, masks and other traditional art forms was not as significant as it is today. Still, the traditional art objects perceived today also as a work of art, and valued for its aesthetic qualities. In addition, they are exploring contemporary art forms such as photography, film, multimedia, theatre, sculpture, printmaking, and installation. Artists such as Tracey Moffat, (b.1960), Fiona Foley, (b.1964), and Gordon Bennett (b.1955), whom consider indigenous art as a way to express political and social issues in new forms of contemporary media, reflects unique perspectives of a distinctive experiences. Whilst their art proclaims aboriginal identity, it often acts as a medium for cultural renewal, operating beyond the classical idioms, conforming to the inspiration from aboriginal practices and European, and other visual language and techniques. As, written in Wally Caruanas book, Aboriginal Art, chapter 6, Artists in the Town and City: In the second half of the twentieth century, as the movements for the recognition of aboriginal rights gained momentum, urban and rural artists found compelling reasons to produce art. Aboriginal people required imagery and symbols with which to express their ideals and inspirations. These issues of dispossession, broken families, racism-the secret history of Australia- and an intensifying of the sense of cultural identity provided strong motivation, and these themes are all apart of the repertoire of artists. For instance, works by aboriginal instillation and mixed media artist Fiona Foley, from Harvey Bay, Frazer Island, engages with the history, ideas, family tradition from her cultural heritage from the Wondunna clan of Badtjala tribe from her mothers side, and her work reflects the remembrance of colonial oppression, the colonized vision of Australia and her ancestors. Foleys work deals with the issues of displacement and dispossession of land, the people and some of her work is highly political, committing herself to the history of Aboriginal people and represents racism and violence and identity, and raises issues from a historic and contemporary cultural view. (http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2644/6/part5, (Morphy, Illus 260, 273). Annihilation of the blacks (1986), is a frightening sculptural installation which is a part of the permanent collection of the Australian National Gallery (Caruana, 1993).The work represents the massacre of the disturbing treatment of Aboriginal people by the colonizers; the work consists of a white figure standing in front of 9 hanging black figures. The upright forked posts and cross poles are a powerful symbolic medium in traditionally-oriented Aboriginal communities for shelters and homes (Reser, 1977b). It is also a sacred complex and symbol for the first residence of the Wagilak in Arnhem Land, which represents the Kunapipi ceremony (Berndt, 1951). Also within the young Aboriginal boys waiting to be born again, as young men, are viewed metaphorically as flying foxes, hanging from the beam, it is said that the flying fox ancestral spirits brought circumcision to the central Arnhem Land clans and because the flying fox is a central totemic species to clans in this region. Fiona Foley often draws inspiration from traditional Aboriginal culture and life, while making powerful and contemporary political statements. All of this gives the sculpture a very strong traditional as well as contemporary symbolic quality, with multiple and intertwined meanings and messages. Annihilation of the Blacks 1986 wood, synthetic polymer paint, feathers, string 278 x 300 x 60 cm Collection National Museum of Australia, Canberra Image courtesy National Museum of Australia, Canberra  © the artist Photograph: George Serras, National Museum of Australia http://www.mca.com.au/general/FFoley_resource.pdf In her large sculptural installation work such as Land Deal, 1995, is about the response to the words of the nineteenth colonial official John Batman, when he described how he purchased 600, 000 acres from local aborigines in Port Phillip, in exchange for beads, blankets and knives, scissors. (http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2644/6/part5.pdf). This work consists of a spiral of flour on the floor; representing the loss of lifestyle and health that consequently came about during white settlement, and also by invoking the genocidal colonial practice of poisoning the flour given to aboriginal people, (Evans, Raymond, Fighting Words: Writing about Race, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, 1999. The work also incorporates the objects, which hang from the walls. The real projection is that her expression to suggest the indigenous loss the land, as a dialogue of transaction, reminding the public of the cold absence of indigenous voice, and the lack of understanding that for the ongoing cam paigns for land return in which Foley and her own family have embarked in. Land Deal 1995 installation view, Savode Gallery, Brisbane, 1995 mixed media, flour, found objects, text dimensions variable Collection National Gallery of Australia, Canberra Image courtesy the artist and National Gallery of Australia, Canberra  © the artist http://www.mca.com.au/general/FFoley_resource.pdf Foleys personal searches to discover Badtjala material culture by referring to these objects, examining the history of their collection and interpretation. Foley reclaims their true significance to Aboriginal people. The ambiguous relationship between the descendants of the white settlers and Australias original inhabitants in Fraser Islands recent history as the struggle for recognition of native title for the Badtjala people continues. Avril Quaill Gordon Bennett, also from an aboriginal heritage from his mothers side; he was an orphan from Cherbourg reserve 240km northwest of Brisbane. Known for his paintings, installation and multimedia art forms focuses on a more personal viewpoint of past and present struggle for identity as an Australian of Aboriginal and Anglo-Celtic descent. His works present and examine a broad range of philosophical questions related to the construction of identity, perception, and knowledge. (http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/gordonbennett/education/intro.html) within cultural and historical inequities created by European settlement in Australia, (http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/gordonbennett/education/02.html) For example, he uses his self-portraits as a concept of self-identity and questioning stereotypes and labeling on a larger national scale, immersed within a White European culture. Bennett was unaware of his Aboriginality until his early teens as he described this knowledge as a psychic rupturing, (Ian McLean, Towards an Australian postcolonial art in Ian McLean & Gordon Bennett, The Art of Gordon Bennett, Craftsman House, 1996, p. 99). (Ian McLean, Towards an Australian postcolonial art in Ian McHis art attempts to depict the complexity of both cultural perspectives. Self portrait (Ancestor figures), 1992 deals with broader issues of cultural identity as well as personal identity. The installation consists of images of his family and drawing. The self- portrait of the artist seems to be present everywhere within the installation but is in fact nowhere. The dresser draw labelled self is closed while the drawers for history and culture that is partly open and partly closed. Bennett in dicates the need to be reconciled within the context of culture and history to develop a full sense of identity. An understanding of self in the context of family does not seem enough as the mirror, acts as a chronic symbol within his work, is not a two- dimensional illusion but an honest construct. The viewer does not confront the artist, but self. Bennett uses this symbol because: In the mirror, everything is possible because nothing is there (Ian McLean, Towards an Australian Postcolonial Art in The Art of Gordon Bennett, p.105) Gordon Bennett born Australia 1955 Self portrait (Ancestor figures) 1992 chest of drawers, watercolour, photocopies, lead, rocks, masking tape (variable) (installation) Collection of the artist, Brisbane  © Courtesy of the artist Photography: Phillip Andrews http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/gordonbennett/education/02.html What emerges for all who take part in this piece is in fact an examination of the self. The I am from Self portrait (But I always wanted to be one of the good guys) is replaced with We all are. In addition, the grid and perspective lines on the floor represent another symbol acting as the groundwork of the installation that appears to confirm this sense. In European tradition, the means to map a particular space, land, etc alludes to ownership and territory. It recalls the way stereotypes, labels, identities, and systems of thought are fixed. On each corner of the grid are the letters A B C D . While these may indicate the way maps are constructed to find different locations, they also represent the first letter of racial slurs. Identity is fixed and self is understood in the context of words such as Abo, Boong, Coon and Darkie . The Other is clearly marked out as not only different but by necessity inferior. These contrasting and complex meanings and ideas are not accidental. Bennett purposefully constructs these layers to blur fixed ideas and raise questions about the way identity is constructed. He uses his self as the vehicle to do so. Lean & Gordon Bennett, The Art of Gordon Bennett, Craftsman House, 1996, p. 99) You have to understand my position of having no designs or images or stories on which to draw to assert my Aboriginality. In just three generations, that heritage has been lost to me. Gordon Bennett 9 Blood is a potent symbol and has historically been a measure of Aboriginality. In the past Quadroon, was a socially acceptable term used to label Indigenous people as a way of establishing genetic heredity. The purer the bloodlines, the more Aboriginal you were. Mixing of pure blood with European blood was feared by Europeans, authenticity was at risk and identity diluted. As an Australian of both Aboriginal and Anglo Celtic descent, Bennett felt he had no access to his indigenous heritage. He states: The traditionalist studies of Anthropology and Ethnography have thus tended to reinforce popular romantic beliefs of an authentic Aboriginality associated with the Dreaming and images of primitive desert people, thereby supporting the popular judgment that only remote full-bloods are real Aborigines. Gordon Bennett 10 Gordon Bennett explores these ideas in Self portrait: Interior/ Exterior , 1992. Once again, the arena of self- portraiture becomes a vehicle to take over and challenge stereotypes. Here he exposes the truth of colonial occupation it was a bloody conquest. Bennett depicts self as a black empty vessel, coffin- like with lash markings almost disguised by a thick layer of black paint. Literally opening up this black skin of paint are the words cut me. They act as deep welts created when tissue scars. Gouged into the skin like a tattoo, these markings will never heal or fade away. They powerfully describe pain and violence. Bennett only uses two colours, symbolically, red and black. Gordon Bennett born Australia 1955 Self portrait: Interior/Exterior 1992 synthetic polymer paint on canvas on pine frames, leather stock whip, paper tags (1-2) 187.0 x 60.0 x 25.0 cm (each) (1-3) (variable) (installation) Collection of the artist, Brisbane  © Courtesy of the artist Photography: Phillip Andrews http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/gordonbennett/education/02.html There is no physical body. The coffin- like box acts as the body, both inside and outside are scarred with Pollock inspired lashes of paint. These scars are not just physical they are also emotional. This imagery is reinforced by the whip neatly hanging on the wall beside the body. Ultimately, this piece, one of a series of welt paintings, explores identity through pain, exploitation and suffering. Bennett does not wish to romanticise or sanitise this bloody history. The viewer is challenged to face it. The blood splashed and flowing under the layer of black skin does not discern the colour of the skin it contains, only the potency of life. Bennett challenges the viewer with contrasting identities. The oppressors, those who use the whip, and the oppressed, those enslaved by the whip. These opposites are not absolute. Bennett is more interested in exploring what lies between. My work is often seen as about exploring my identity in order to secure it, like Im searching for it, like Ive lost it somewhere, which is the total opposite to what Im doing. Sure, Im exploring identity, but Im trying to make it obvious about how open it is; how its a process of the negotiation of these different sites of memory, human relations. It is all those other things, and it shouldnt be closed off. It shouldnt be a thing that constricts nor should it be an imposed thing, from outside oneself, like a prison. Gordon Bennett 11 Bennetts art practice attempts to remove the obstacles that interfere with a positive development of self. Tracey Moffatt, born into a fostered white family in Brisbane, close to were her Aboriginal ancestors grew up, on a mission outside of Brisbane called Cherbourg, (Moffatt qtd. in Rutherford 52, plays a huge part in representing a multicultural role in society as she examines the ways Australias colonial past enlightens the present. The photographs, mostly still from her film-making, places a narrative images into many of the stories being told, representations past and present times in Aboriginal History, her perspective seems to identify to her Aboriginality and feminist view point. However, she cautiously uses her style of narratives with multiple and specific politics concern of Australian identity, with an inspiration of the lives of her Aboriginal heritage and culture. Her unique visual style of cinematic images challenges the stereotypes of race and gender, with issues symbolic of political references, (http://admin5.lisjc.lism.catholic.edu.au/~mark/Visual%20Arts%20documents/Id entity%20unit/Tracey%20Moffatt%20from%20Australian%20Artists.pdf) Her compelling and very powerful photographic works such as Up in the Sky 1998, is a sequence of twenty five monochromatic narrative photographs set in the vast desert concerning the Australian Stolen Generation. Indigenous Australian children were taken from their families and forcibly relocated under Government policy was enacted and performed on location in Queenslands outback, (http://www.answers.com/topic/tracey-moffatt). In these images Moffatt refers to both the collective memory of her own personal experiences as well as the constructing reality of the influence of culture, alienation, desolation, and the wider concerns of remote living. Tracey Moffatt Up In The Sky # 1, 1997 series of 25 images off set print 61 ÃÆ'- 76cm 72 x 102 paper size Edition of 60 http://www.roslynoxley9.com.au/artists/26/Tracey_Moffatt/73/32634/ In her films still Night Cries: A rural Tragedy 1989, she represents the truth and memory about a mother and daughter relationship with a focus on events that took place focusing on Death, childhood, loneliness and memory. The film brings forth the powerful issues related to the black and white relations of Australian history during the attempts to assimilate Australian Indigenous people into the white society, (http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/27504/qld_edu_kit_web.pdf) Tracey Moffatt: Night Cries: A Rural Tragedy, Still, 1989 http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/27504/qld_edu_kit_web.pdf Tracey Moffatt . The interest in Aboriginal art which has flourished since the 1970s has created new opportunities for indigenous artists, as their work leaves the communities to be shown in museums and galleries around the world. Meanwhile, the imperatives to produce art for traditional purposes continue, and the expanded environment in which indigenous art now operates has created further compelling reasons for artists to continue expressing the values of their culture to the wider world. In the public domain, Aboriginal art can be appreciated for its spirituality and aesthetic qualities, and as a reflection of the social and political achievements and aspirations of the peoples who create it. . Avril Quaill: World of Dreamings, Traditional and modern art of Australia, An exhibition held at the State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg | 2 February 9 April 2000 H , Robinson: Feminism-art-theory: an anthology, 1968-2000, Wiley-Blackwell, 2001 Bonwick, J., John Batman, the Founder of Victoria, Melbourne: Samuel Mullens, 1867. Caruana, W., et al, The Eye of the Storm: Eight contemporary indigenous Australian artists, Canberra: National Gallery of Australia, 1996. Cooper, C., Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Collections in Overseas Museums, Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, 1989. Elder, B., Blood on the Wattle: Massacres and maltreatment of Australian Aborigines since 1788,second edition, Sydney: New Holland Publishers, 1998. Moon, D. & Krause, J., Deutsche Auswanderer Hope and Reality, History of the nineteenth century German settlement of Mount Cotton in south east Queensland, Cleveland, Queensland:Redland Museum Inc., 1999 Gordon bennetts ref: Gordon Bennett, The manifest toe in Ian McLean & Gordon Bennett, The Art of Gordon Bennett, Craftsman House, 1996, p. 33 Ian McLean, Towards an Australian postcolonial art in Ian McLean & Gordon Bennett, The Art of Gordon Bennett, Craftsman House, 1996, p. 99 Gordon Bennett, The manifest toe in The Art of Gordon Bennett, p. 22 Rebecca Lancashire, Blurring the lines of history, The Age, Monday 5 May , 1997 Kelly Gellatly, Citizen in the Making: The art of Gordon Bennett in Gordon Bennett (exh. cat.), National Gallery of Victoria, 2007 p. 16 Gordon Bennett, The manifest toe in The Art of Gordon Bennett, p. 34 Gabriella Coslovich, Bennett puts on a brave face, The Age, 28 April, 2004 Ian McLean, Towards an Australian Postcolonial Art in The Art of Gordon Bennett, p.105 Gordon Bennett & Chris McAuliffe, Interview with Gordon Bennett in Rex Butler (e d.) What is Appropriation? An Anthology of Writings on Australian Art in the 1980s and 1990s. IMA Publishing, Brisbane, 2004, p. 27 http://leonildeviljoen.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/fiona-foley/ http://www.quitnow.info.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/C143D432E3817918CA2571F10000CC3A/$File/indall.pdf http://www.newrepublics.com/GordonBennettHomeDecor.pdf http://www.australiacouncil.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/33990/cda_5.pdf http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1931/is_1_27/ai_n29415749/ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1931/is_1_27/ai_n29415749/pg_2/?tag=content;col1 http://www.artaustralia.com/images/currentbookpdf/Tracey%20MoffattVol41No2.pdf http://www.artlink.com.au/articles.cfm?id=2596 http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/cteq/00/10/night.html